Air pollution poses growing infertility risk
Air pollution, long associated with respiratory and cardiovascular health issues, has now been linked to a heightened risk of infertility, according to new research conducted in the United States.
The study, which focused on the impacts of air pollutants on eggs, sperm, and embryos, reveals that exposure to substances such as particulate matter and organic carbon can significantly harm the reproductive process for both men and women.
A new lens on fertility challenges
The study, involving approximately 1,400 participants undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), provided a unique opportunity to investigate how air pollution affects reproductive health. By examining donor eggs and sperm developed in separate environments, researchers pinpointed the effects of specific pollutants on each reproductive component.
Traditionally, fertility challenges have been attributed more heavily to maternal factors. However, this research, led by Audrey Gaskins, an Emory University scientist, highlights the overlooked role of paternal exposure.
“We don’t usually think about the male partners’ exposures in the preconception window, but we and others are increasingly showing that male exposures are important, both in terms of fertility and potentially later in child health outcomes,” Gaskins explained.
The pollutants in focus
The study zeroed in on two common pollutants:
Particulate Matter (PM):
Emitted by diesel vehicles, industrial plants, and wildfires, this pollutant has been found to interfere with critical reproductive stages, including egg survival and embryo quality.
Its toxicity prompted the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to tighten regulations earlier this year.
Organic Carbon:
A component of particulate matter, organic carbon exposure during ovarian stimulation—the phase in IVF where ovulation is induced—was linked to higher egg mortality.
The pollutant also disrupted folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis, vital processes in egg and sperm development.
Real-world implications
The study’s findings align with previous research, such as an Indian study that observed reduced pregnancy success rates among wives of traffic policemen exposed to heavy air pollution.
Wildfire smoke, particularly rich in organic carbon, poses an acute threat to fertility in affected areas. Even within controlled environments like fertility clinics, air quality mattered; higher organic carbon levels on the day of egg thawing were associated with lower survival rates.
Practical steps for aspiring parents
To mitigate risks, the study suggests several measures:
Indoor Air Quality: Use HEPA filtration systems and high MERV-rated furnace filters to reduce exposure to particulate matter.
Behavioural Adjustments: Avoid high-traffic areas and stay indoors during days of poor air quality.
Proactive Health Measures: Couples trying to conceive should monitor local air quality and take necessary precautions.
Looking ahead
While the study identified particulate matter and organic carbon as significant contributors to fertility challenges, it found no major effects from pollutants like nitrogen dioxide. These insights pave the way for more targeted research and policies aimed at reducing environmental reproductive risks.
“This study underscores the importance of even short-term exposures during critical windows,” Gaskins noted, emphasizing the need for broader public awareness and regulatory action.
As air pollution continues to threaten public health on multiple fronts, its impact on fertility serves as a sobering reminder of the hidden costs of environmental degradation. For couples hoping to start families, the findings highlight the importance of environmental health in ensuring a healthy reproductive journey.
Source: Guardian
