Three scientists have been awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work to understand complex systems such as the Earth's climate.
Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi were announced as the winners at an event in Stockholm.
The work by Manabe and Hasselmann led to computer models of the Earth's climate that could predict the impact of global warming.
The winners will share the prize money of 10 million krona (£842,611).
It is very difficult to predict the long-term behaviour of complex physical systems such as our planet's climate. But computer models that can anticipate how it responds to emissions of greenhouse gases have been crucial to our understanding of global warming.
Syukuro Manabe, who is 90, demonstrated how increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could lead to increased temperatures at the surface of the Earth. In the 1960s, he led the development of physical models of the climate.
Roughly a decade later, Klaus Hasselmann, 89, created a computer model that linked together weather and climate. His work answered the question of why climate models can be reliable despite weather being changeable and chaotic.
The committee said Giorgio Parisi's discoveries made it "possible to understand and describe many different and apparently entirely random materials and phenomena". This included the behaviour of complex systems at the microscopic level.
His work has applications not only in physics but also in other, very different areas, such as mathematics, biology, neuroscience and machine learning (an area of artificial intelligence).
The award for breakthroughs in understanding planetary heating comes as world leaders are preparing for the UN's climate conference in November. Asked about the timing, Prof Parisi said: "We have to act now in a very fast way and not with a strong delay."
Dr Manabe was born in Shingu, Japan. He is currently senior meteorologist at Princeton University in New Jersey, US.
Klaus Hasselmann is a professor at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, the city of his birth.
Rome-born Prof Parisi, who is 73,
The Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel founded the prizes in his will, written a year before his death in 1896.
A total of 218 individuals have now won the physics prize since it was first awarded in 1901.
Only four of these laureates have been women. One physicist, John Bardeen, won the prize twice - in 1956 and 1972.
Previous winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics
2020 - Sir Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez received the prize for their work on the nature of black holes. 2019 - James Peebles, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz shared the prize for ground-breaking discoveries about the Universe. 2018 - Donna Strickland, Arthur Ashkin and Gerard Mourou were awarded the prize for their discoveries in the field of laser physics. 2017 - Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne and Barry Barish earned the award for the detection of gravitational waves. 2016 - David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz shared the award for their work on rare phases of matter. 2015 - Takaaki Kajita and Arthur McDonald were awarded the prize the discovery that neutrinos switch between different "flavours".Source: BBC